Package Title: Testbank
Course Title: Visualizing Psychology 3e
Chapter Number: Chapter 01

Question type: Multiple Choice
1) What organisms do psychologists study?

a)  rats
b)  humans
c)  chimps 
d)  all of the above

Answer:  d

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1: Introducing Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.1: Define psychology and its four main goals.

2)  Psychology is defined as the _____.

a)  science of conscious and unconscious forces on behavior
b)  empirical study of the mind
c)  scientific study of the mind
d)  scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Answer:  d

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Introducing Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.1: Define psychology and its four main goals.

3) Which of the following is a mental process?

a)  thinking
b)  feeling
c)  reading
d)  a and b

Answer:  d

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Introducing Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.1: Define psychology and its four main goals.

4) A scientist watching jackals feed on seals measures the frequency of feeding, competitive behavior, and duration of feeding. He is gathering _____.

a)  anecdotal data
b)  empirical evidence
c)  scientific evidence
d)  critical evidence

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  Introducing Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.1: Define psychology and its four main goals.

5) _____ is information acquired by direct observation and measurement using systematic scientific methods.

a)  Psychological science
b)  Empirical evidence
c)  Critical thinking
d)  Scientology

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Introducing Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.1: Define psychology and its four main goals.

6) What is the process of objectively evaluating, comparing, analyzing, and synthesizing information?

a)  empiricism
b)  science
c)  critical thinking
d)  mental processing

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Introducing Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.1: Define psychology and its four main goals.

7) Dr. Krostom responds to radio listeners by using mostly her own common sense, beliefs, and values rather than scientific research. This practice is more like _____ than _____.

a)  fraud; vice
b)  pseudopsychology; psychology
c)  illegal behavior; legal behavior
d)  opinion; facts

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  Introducing Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.1: Define psychology and its four main goals.

8) If Jill believes that she can predict an individual's personality simply by referring back to the position of the stars on the day the individual was born, then her beliefs capture the essence of ________________.

a)  critical thinking
b)  psychology
c)  pseudopsychology
d)  astronomy

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  Introducing Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.1: Define psychology and its four main goals.

9) What are the goals of psychology?

a)  to explore the conscious and unconscious functions of the human mind
b)  to understand, compare, and analyze human behavior
c)  to improve psychological well-being in all individuals from conception to death
d)  to describe, explain, predict, and change behavior

Answer:  d

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Introducing Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.1: Define psychology and its four main goals.

10) A student placed in a gifted program based on his or her IQ score would be an example of which goal of psychology?

a)  describing behavior
b)  explaining behavior
c)  predicting behavior
d)  changing behavior

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  Introducing Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.1: Define psychology and its four main goals.

11) Because Timothy’s second-grade peers laughed at him, he was reluctant to speak out in class. This is a demonstration of which goal of psychology?

a)  describing behavior
b)  explaining behavior
c)  predicting behavior
d)  changing behavior

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  Introducing Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.1: Define psychology and its four main goals.

12) Which of the following is the BEST example of psychology's goal of describing behavior?

a) giving an interest-inventory (test) at a college counseling center to determine what career or college choices would best suit a student
b) conducting an experiment to determine if watching violent cartoons increases aggressive behavior in preschoolers
c) videotaping an intersection with four-way stop signs and measuring the ratio of complete to incomplete stops made by drivers
d) sending first-time drug offenders to an inpatient treatment program rather than to jail

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  Introducing Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.1: Define psychology and its four main goals.

13) Which of the following is the BEST example of psychology's goal of changing behavior?

a) sending first-time drug offenders to an inpatient treatment program rather than jail
b) exploring the function of cutting behavior in a teenager's life so that the teenager can understand his or her options and make choices regarding the behavior.
c) giving an interest-inventory (test) at a college counseling center to determine what career or college choices would best suit a student
d)  videotaping an intersection with four-way stop signs and measuring the ratio of complete to incomplete stops made by drivers

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  Introducing Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.1: Define psychology and its four main goals.

14) If a psychologist is interested in studying the risk factors that lead to delinquency in adolescence, on what goal of psychology is the researcher focused?

a) describing behavior
b) explaining behavior
c) predicting behavior
d) changing behavior

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  Introducing Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.1: Define psychology and its four main goals.

15) If Dr. A is interested in studying why individuals with antisocial personality continue to commit crimes and hurt others without feeling any remorse, on what goal of psychology is Dr. A focused?

a) describing behavior
b) explaining behavior
c) predicting behavior
d) changing behavior

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  Introducing Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.1: Define psychology and its four main goals.

16) An example of ______________ would be if you argue that most behaviors are a product of your environment and your friend argues that behaviors are a result of heredity.

a) the nature–nurture controversy
b) applied versus basic research
c) continuity versus discontinuity controversy
d) an objective versus subjective argument

Answer:  a

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  Introducing Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.1: Define psychology and its four main goals.

17) A person who believes that genetics, chemical imbalances in the brain, and hormonal imbalances are responsible for explaining behavior takes the side of _________________.

a) nature
b) nurture
c) both nature and nurture
d) cognitive influences

Answer:  a

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  Introducing Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.1: Define psychology and its four main goals.

18) Research has shown that watching episodes of aggression on television causes children to become physically more aggressive. As a result, the V-chip was created. What goal of psychology does this best represent?

a) describing behavior
b) explaining behavior
c) predicting behavior
d) changing behavior

Answer:  d

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  Introducing Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.1: Define psychology and its four main goals.

19) The largest specialty area in the field of psychology is ____________.

a) educational psychology
b) school psychology
c) clinical psychology
d) cognitive psychology

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  easy
Section Reference 1:  Introducing Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.1: Define psychology and its four main goals.

20) In what year was the first psychological laboratory founded?

a) 1659
b) 1879
c) 1950
d) 1760

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

21) The father of psychology is ________.

a) Sigmund Freud
b) B. F. Skinner
c) Wilhelm Wundt
d) William James

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

22) If you were keeping an in-depth record of your conscious awareness including sensation, images, feelings, and thoughts that you are aware of experiencing, then you would be practicing what Wundt would call _________.

a) structuralism
b) empiricism
c) functionalism
d) introspection

Answer:  d

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

23) Which of the following psychological theorists is most associated with the school of thought called structuralism?

a) Sigmund Freud
b) John Watson
c) Harry Sullivan
d) Edward Titchener

Answer:  d

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

24) Structuralism made an important contribution to the science of psychology because it ________________.

a) established a model for the scientific study of mental processes.
b) showed how separate thoughts combined to form an idea.
c) explained why individuals experience stimuli differently.
d) highlighted why different scientific methods are needed to study children and animals versus studying adult humans.

Answer:  a

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

25) _____ investigates how mental processes help people adapt to their environment.

a) Structuralism
b) Gestalt
c) Cognitive processing
d) Functionalism

Answer:  a

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

26) Functionalism made an important contribution to the science of psychology because it ____________________.

a) explained why different individuals experience stimuli differently.
b) drew the line between branches of psychology so that each had its own function.
c) expanded the scope of psychology to consider such topics as emotion and observable behavior.
d) specified precisely the scope of psychology as dealing with mental processes.

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

27) Functionalism was strongly influenced by what previous theory?

a) Darwin's theory of evolution
b) structuralism
c) behaviorism
d) Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning

Answer:  a

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

28) The belief that the unconscious mind has an influence on one's behavior is part of what theory of personality?

a)  psychobiological
b)  psychosocial
c)  psychoanalytic
d)  psychobehavioral

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

29) The clinician who was fascinated by the ability of the unconscious mind to influence the body was ________________.

a) Edward Titchener
b) Sigmund Freud
c) William James
d) B. F. Skinner

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

30) Which of the following is an important reason why many of Freud's followers moved away from his school of thought?

a) He put too much emphasis on sex and aggression as motives for behavior.
b) He believed too strongly that the mind influences the body in such diseases as cancer and Alzheimer's disease.
c) He put too much emphasis on social relationships and social motives in explaining behavior.
d) He believed too strongly that defense mechanisms such as projection and transference were a factor in behavior.

Answer:  a

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

31) Which one of the following parts of Freudian theory is still accepted by many psychotherapists today?

a) the influence of sexual drives on behavior
b) the influence of aggressive drives on behavior
c) the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior
d) a and b

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

32) The psychological perspective that emphasizes objective, observable environmental influences of overt behavior is called the __________________________.

a) psychodynamic perspective
b) functionalist perspective.
c) overt perspective.
d) behavioral perspective.

Answer:  d

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

33) Behaviorists were different conceptually from earlier psychologists and:

a) rejected the practice of introspection.
b) rejected the influence of unconscious forces.
c) believed classical conditioning only applied to animals such as Pavlov's dogs.
d) a and b

Answer:  d

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

34) Pavlov's concept of ______________ explained behavior as a result of observable stimuli and observable responses.

a) introspection
b) conditioning
c) functionalism
d) shaping

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

35) Dr. Watson, from the _____ school of psychology, focused on objective, observable behavior rather than on the unconscious.

a) behaviorist
b) cognitive
c) developmentalist
d) conditionalist

Answer:  a

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

36) Behaviorists have been most successful in treating people with problems such as _____________.

a) depression
b) anxiety
c) alcoholism
d) schizophrenia

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

37) Behaviorists are most successful in treating ________.

a) neuroses of the mind
b) observable behavior problems
c) low self esteem
d) psychotic disorders

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1: Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

38) The psychological perspective that emerged in the 1950s that stressed free will and self-actualization was the __________ perspective.

a) behavioral
b) cognitive
c) humanistic
d) psychodynamic

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

39) According to the humanistic perspective, human behavior is determined by ________ causes.

a) voluntary
b) external
c) objective
d) psychoanalytic

Answer:  a

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

40) A state of self-fulfillment that all individuals naturally strive to develop and move toward, according to Abraham Maslow, is called _____.

a) self-satisfaction
b) joy
c) self-actualization
d) accomplishment

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

41) The fact that humans can voluntarily choose to engage in behavior is known as ________.

a) self-actualization
b) free will
c) conditioning
d) introspection

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

42) The humanistic perspective was responsible for influencing the development of what area of psychology?

a) cognitive
b) sociocultural
c) positive
d) evolutionary

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

43) The psychological perspective that studies how we gather, encode, and store information is the ________ perspective.

a) cognitive
b) gestalt
c) concept formation
d) information-processing

Answer:  a

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

44) The model that likens the mind to a computer that sequentially takes in information, processes it, and then produces a response is called the ________.

a) stepwise model
b) information-processing model
c) cognitive processing model
d) reasoning approach

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

45) Cognitive psychology focuses on ____.

a) conflict within the conscious mind
b) the positive, creative, growth-seeking potential of human nature
c) mental processes, language, and perception
d) complex biochemical events involved in information processing

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

46) What type of psychologist would study the processes through which students go through in committing to memory information from a textbook?

a) biological
b) cognitive
c) psychoanalytic
d) behavioral

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

47) Biopsychologists emphasize _____.

a) that behavior is the result of genetics and physiological processes occurring in the brain and nervous system
b) the belief that biology is destiny
c) the evolution of mental behavior
d) that the way to understand human behavior is to first understand animal behavior

Answer:  a

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

48) Which of the following terms belong together?

a) structuralism: observable behavior
b) behaviorism: stimulus-response
c) psychoanalytic: unconscious conflict
d) b and c

Answer:  d

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

49) Which psychological perspective emphasizes social interactions and cultural determinants of behavior and mental processes?

a) behavioral
b) sociocultural
c) environmental
d) evolutionary

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

50) The norm for standing distance between two friends during a conversation is about 3–6 feet in the United States, whereas it is only about 1–2 feet in Middle Eastern countries. This difference best reflects what type of psychology?

a) behavioral
b) sociocultural
c) environmental
d) evolutionary

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

51) Sociocultural psychology is the study of the ___________.

a) influence of culture and social interactions on people's behavior
b) superiority of some cultures over others
c) common behaviors that occur in all cultures
d) cultural influences on societies

Answer:  a

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

52) The biopsychosocial model is known as a(n) _______.

a) integration model
b) unifying theme
c) consolidation model
d) eclectic conceptualization

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

53) ______________ proposes that biological processes, psychological factors, and social forces are all interrelated and inseparable influences.

a) The biobehavioral environmental model
b) The eclectic model
c) The biopsychosocial model
d) The consolidation model

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

54) Natural selection, adaptation, and the evolution of behavior patterns are major emphases in the _____ perspective of psychology.

a) psychobiological
b) psychosocial
c) ecological
d) evolutionary

Answer:  d

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

55) The idea that depression is influenced by genetics, neurotransmitters, learned responses, thinking patterns, and socioeconomic status and culture represents the _____ model of psychology.

a) psychiatric
b) evolutionary
c) biopsychosocial
d) eclectic

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

56) The first woman to be recognized in psychology was _____.

a) Laura Schlesinger
b) Ruth Westheimer
c) Karen Horney
d) Mary Calkins

Answer:  d

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

57) The first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology was ________.

a) Laura Schlesinger
b) Margaret Floy Washburn
c) Karen Horney
d) Mary Calkins

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

58) The first African-American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology was _____.

a) Dr. Sumner
b) Dr. Titchener
c) Dr. Wundt
d) Dr. Marley

Answer:  a

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology
Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.

59) If you prepared a study to determine which areas of the brain are used for working memory, you would be conducting _____ research.

a) dependent
b) independent
c) application
d) basic

Answer:  d

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  The Science of Psychology
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how to apply the scientific method and ethical guidelines to psychological research with human and nonhuman participants.

60) Applied research is BEST defined as research that explores:

a) unique problems applicable to an individual person in a laboratory setting.
b) practical problems outside the laboratory in real-world settings.
c) problems that apply to a controlled laboratory setting.
d) problems that address the application of the mind-body principle.

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  The Science of Psychology
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how to apply the scientific method and ethical guidelines to psychological research with human and nonhuman participants.

61) Basic research is BEST defined as research that _____.

a) is basic to one field only
b) advances scientific knowledge
c) is done to get a grade or a tenured teaching position
d) solves basic problems encountered by humans and animals in a complex world

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  The Science of Psychology
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how to apply the scientific method and ethical guidelines to psychological research with human and nonhuman participants.

62) What type of research would study ways to enhance athletic performance?

a) independent
b) basic
c) dependent
d) applied

Answer:  d

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  The Science of Psychology
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how to apply the scientific method and ethical guidelines to psychological research with human and nonhuman participants.

63) A scientist who seeks knowledge for his/her own sake is conducting _____________.

a) basic research
b) applied research
c) elemental research
d) fundamental research

Answer:  a

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  The Science of Psychology
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how to apply the scientific method and ethical guidelines to psychological research with human and nonhuman participants.

64) Replication increases scientific confidence in a theory if the _____.

a) citations are accurate across studies
b) findings are similar across studies
c) statistics are accurate across studies
d) statistics are significant across studies

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  The Science of Psychology
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how to apply the scientific method and ethical guidelines to psychological research with human and nonhuman participants.

65) A researcher who performs a previous study following the same procedures to see if he would get the same results would be an example of _____.

a) an invalid research method
b) a replication of studies
c) plagiarism
d) a waste of research time and funding

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  The Science of Psychology
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how to apply the scientific method and ethical guidelines to psychological research with human and nonhuman participants.

66) ____________ is a statistical procedure for combining and analyzing data from many studies.

a) Operational research
b) Recombinant analysis
c) Meta-analysis
d) Data synthesis

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  The Science of Psychology
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how to apply the scientific method and ethical guidelines to psychological research with human and nonhuman participants.

67) Someone interested in studying the effects of text-messaging rather than talking on the phone on the quality of friendships would perform __________ as the first step in order to follow the scientific method.

a) a testable hypothesis
b) a theory
c) a literature review
d) a statistical analysis

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  The Science of Psychology
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how to apply the scientific method and ethical guidelines to psychological research with human and nonhuman participants.

68) The first step in the scientific method is ________.

a) developing a theory
b) forming a testable hypothesis
c) designing a study
d) reviewing the literature of existing theories

Answer:  d

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  The Science of Psychology
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how to apply the scientific method and ethical guidelines to psychological research with human and nonhuman participants.

69) A hypothesis is a _____.

a) specific prediction about how one variable is related to another
b) precise definition of how variables will be observed and measured in a study
c) concept that explains previously gathered data
d) simplified theory

Answer:  a

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  The Science of Psychology
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how to apply the scientific method and ethical guidelines to psychological research with human and nonhuman participants.

70) What stage of the scientific method will someone be at if they make a prediction that drinking alcohol will make people more violent during a sporting event?

a) developing a theory
b) forming a testable hypothesis
c) designing a study
d) reviewing the literature of existing theories

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  The Science of Psychology
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how to apply the scientific method and ethical guidelines to psychological research with human and nonhuman participants.

71) What are methods used to organize, summarize, and interpret numerical data?

a) empirical evidence
b) operational definitions
c) statistical analyses
d) critical facts

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  The Science of Psychology
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how to apply the scientific method and ethical guidelines to psychological research with human and nonhuman participants.

72) Data from many studies have been compiled, and researchers have developed a(n) __________ to explain their results.

a) hypothesis
b) experimental study
c) abstract
d) theory

Answer:  d

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  The Science of Psychology
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how to apply the scientific method and ethical guidelines to psychological research with human and nonhuman participants.

73) A participant's agreement to take part in a study after being told what to expect is known as _____.

a) participant observer
b) placebo effect
c) informed consent
d) debriefing

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  The Science of Psychology
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how to apply the scientific method and ethical guidelines to psychological research with human and nonhuman participants.

74) According to the rules of informed consent, when you ask the researcher if you have to complete/finish the experiment in which you are participating, the researcher should respond with _____.

a) "You have the right to drop out of the study at any time."
b) "I'm sorry, the experiment must continue."
c) "Please continue. I will debrief you afterwards."
d) "You may drop the study now, but you will forfeit credit."

Answer:  a

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  The Science of Psychology
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how to apply the scientific method and ethical guidelines to psychological research with human and nonhuman participants.

75) According to the rules of informed consent, a researcher must disclose which of the following before the study begins?

a) potential physical risks
b) the reasons for involuntary participation and deception
c) potential discomforts
d) a and c

Answer:  d

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  The Science of Psychology
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how to apply the scientific method and ethical guidelines to psychological research with human and nonhuman participants.

76) Deception is sometimes used in psychological research in order to _____.

a) create a realistic situation with genuine reactions
b) protect the public from unpleasant research realities
c) protect participants from being harmed
d) prevent sample bias, ethnocentric bias, and experimenter bias

Answer:  a

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  The Science of Psychology
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how to apply the scientific method and ethical guidelines to psychological research with human and nonhuman participants.

77) Debriefing is _____.

a) interviewing subjects after a study to find out what they were thinking during their participation
b) explaining the purpose of the study, anticipated results, and deceptions used when the study is over
c) disclosing potential physical and emotional risks and the nature of the study prior to its beginning
d) interviewing subjects after a study to determine whether any deceptions were effective in preventing them from learning the true purpose of the study

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  The Science of Psychology
 Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how to apply the scientific method and ethical guidelines to psychological research with human and nonhuman participants.

78) If a psychology teacher lets students earn extra credit by volunteering for research, he or she is ethically required to _____.

a) volunteer for a study himself or herself
b) provide an alternative extra credit activity of equal value
c) help conduct the study himself or herself
d) all of these options

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  The Science of Psychology
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how to apply the scientific method and ethical guidelines to psychological research with human and nonhuman participants.

79) What does APA stand for?

a) American Psychological Association
b) Association of Principles for America
c) American Procedure Association
d) Association of People for Animals

Answer:  a

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  The Science of Psychology
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how to apply the scientific method and ethical guidelines to psychological research with human and nonhuman participants.

80) If a researcher is interested in studying the effects of administering different dosages of cocaine on rats, then he is MOST likely going to be concerned with _________ during his research.

a) the Food and Drug Administration
b) the state police
c) Narcotics Anonymous
d) guidelines for the ethical care of animals

Answer:  d

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  The Science of Psychology
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how to apply the scientific method and ethical guidelines to psychological research with human and nonhuman participants.

81) Which of the following is true about animal research?

a) It accounts for only 7 to 8% of psychological research.
b) Most animal research uses rats or mice.
c) Animal researchers use punishments as often as they use rewards.
d) a and b

Answer:  d

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  The Science of Psychology
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how to apply the scientific method and ethical guidelines to psychological research with human and nonhuman participants.

82) With which type of animal is nonhuman research mostly conducted?

a) rats
b) dogs
c) cats
d) primates

Answer:  a

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  The Science of Psychology
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how to apply the scientific method and ethical guidelines to psychological research with human and nonhuman participants.

83) Which of the following is an ethical concern of psychologists?

a) the safety and health of research animals
b) subject bias
c) deception in research
d) a and c

Answer:  d

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  The Science of Psychology
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how to apply the scientific method and ethical guidelines to psychological research with human and nonhuman participants.

84) A therapist may be required to break client confidentiality if the client _____.

a) asks to be reimbursed for their services
b) threatens to hurt others
c) is abusing a child or an elder adult
d) b and c

Answer:  d

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  The Science of Psychology
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how to apply the scientific method and ethical guidelines to psychological research with human and nonhuman participants.

85) Which of the following therapists is violating psychology's ethical standard of confidentiality?

a) Dr. Novak called the Department of Social Services to report her client, who admitted during their session together that she was abusing her 9-year-old daughter.
b) Dr. Jones describes detailed case histories of former clients to his psychology class without disguising their characteristics.
c) Dr. Smith-Nguyen discusses a client with his wife to get her advice.
d) b and c

Answer:  d

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  The Science of Psychology
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how to apply the scientific method and ethical guidelines to psychological research with human and nonhuman participants.

86) If a clinical psychologist is doing therapy with someone who threatens to kill another person, the psychologist should_________________________.

a) try to talk him out of it but cannot call the police no matter what the outcome due to confidentiality concerns.
b) have the person committed to a mental institution
c) call the police and inform the potential victim if the person making the threat cannot be talked out of it
d) nothing; due to confidentiality concerns the psychologist is powerless.

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  The Science of Psychology
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how to apply the scientific method and ethical guidelines to psychological research with human and nonhuman participants.

87) The BEST definition of an experiment is _____.

a) a standardized scientific procedure for conducting investigations
b) the identical treatment of participants in two groups to determine the effect of a dependent variable on an independent variable
c) a systematic recording of behavior exhibited by participants in the laboratory
d) a carefully controlled scientific procedure that determines whether variables manipulated by the experimenter have a causal effect on other variables

Answer:  d

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

88) Researchers can isolate a single factor and examine the effect of that factor alone on a particular behavior through use of a(n) ________.

a) experiment
b) correlational study
c) biological study
d) descriptive study

Answer:  a

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

89) A researcher would use __________ research, if they were interested in determining whether listening to subliminal advertising causes an increase in sales of products. 

a) descriptive
b) correlational
c) naturalistic observation
d) experimental

Answer:  d

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

90) _____ research observes and records behaviors without manipulating variables or producing causal explanations.

a) Descriptive
b) Empirical
c) Independent
d) Dependent

Answer:  a

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

91) In a naturalistic observation, a researcher would be most likely to do which of the following?

a) conduct an in-depth study of a single subject
b) observe participants as they behave naturally in the laboratory
c) observe and systematically record behavior in a participant's natural state or habitat
d) determine cause and effect

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

92) __________ is being conducted when a researcher is watching and recording the interactions between members of a Koala family in the wild.

a) An animal husbandry survey
b) A quasi-experiment
c) Introspection
d) Naturalistic observation

Answer:  d

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

93) Observing the activities of a 3-year-old from a hidden location within the child’s daycare would be an example of the___________ type of research method.

a) correlational
b) experimental
c) naturalistic observation
d) survey

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

94) A survey is a(n) _____.

a) experimental technique for sampling a population's attitudes
b) research technique for assessing the behaviors and attitudes of a wide selection of people
c) noncorrelational research technique for sampling a wide variety of populations
d) unreliable and invalid research technique, usually used by magazines and political or commercial pollsters

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

95) Which scientific method of research would be used if a college student running for student body president was trying to determine whether to emphasize campus security, improved parking facilities, or increased health services in their campaign?

a) a case study
b) naturalistic observation
c) an experiment
d) a survey

Answer:  d

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

96) Surveys can be used to _____ behavior.

a) define
b) predict
c) explain and change
d) change

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

97) In a case study, a researcher is most likely to _____.

a) interview many research subjects who have a single problem or disorder
b) conduct an in-depth study of a single research participant
c) choose and investigate a single topic
d) use any of these options, which describe different types of case studies

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

98) If you wanted to study someone with a rare disorder such as photophobia (the fear of light), your BEST research option would be a(n) _____.

a) experimental study
b) correlational study
c) case study
d) survey

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

99) In _____research, a researcher observes or measures (without manipulating) two or more variables to find relationships between them, without inferring a causal relationship.

a) experimental
b) correlational
c) basic
d) applied

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

100) Cause-and-effect conclusions can be drawn from _____ studies.

a) experimental
b) descriptive
c) correlational
d) case

Answer:  a

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

101) _____ research is used to study the brain and other parts of the nervous system.

a) Traditional
b) Psychological
c) Biological
d) Clinical

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

102) Which of the following is a disadvantage of an experiment?

a) inability to determine cause and effect
b) participant bias
c) researcher bias
d) b and c

Answer:  d

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

103) The BEST definition of an independent variable is a _____.

a) measurable behavior that is exhibited by a participant and is affected by the dependent variable
b) variable that is manipulated by the experimenter to determine its causal effect on the dependent variable
c) variable that is kept constant during an experiment to prevent contamination of other variables
d) variable that cannot be manipulated by anyone

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

104) In experiments, _____ variables are selected and manipulated by the experimenter.

a) independent
b) intervening
c) controlled
d) dependent

Answer:  a

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

105) _____ are manipulated; _____ are measured.

a) Dependent variables; independent variables
b) Surveys; experiments
c) Statistics; correlations
d) IVs; DVs

Answer:  d

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

106) In an experiment to determine if rewards will increase recycling efforts on campus, the dependent variable is _____.

a) rewards versus no rewards
b) the amount of recycling done by students and faculty on campus
c) the students who recycle
d) a and c

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

107) In an experiment to determine if listening to music affects how well students perform on a test, the independent variable of this study is ___________________.

a) test performance
b) music
c) time spent studying
d) students

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

108) Students were divided into two groups. In one group students were ignored when they talked without raising their hands. In the other group students were attended to in the teacher's usual manner. The independent variable in this experiment was _____.

a) initial levels of talking
b) decreased talking
c) attention from the teacher
d) division of students into two groups

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

109) If researchers gave participants varying amounts of a new "memory" drug and then gave them a story to read and measured their scores on a quiz, the _____ would be the independent variable (IV), and the _____ would be the dependent variable (DV).

a) response to the drug; amount of the drug
b) experimental group; control group
c) exposure to the drug; quiz scores
d) researcher variables; extraneous variables

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

110) The BEST definition of a dependent variable is a _____.

a) measurable behavior that is affected by the independent variable
b) variable that is controlled by the experimenter and is applied to the participant to determine its effect
c) variable that is kept constant during an experiment to prevent contamination of other variables
d) variable that cannot do anything by itself

Answer:  a

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

111) Experimenter bias refers to _____.

a) intentional subtle cues given by a researcher that lead a subject to guess what the correct response should be
b) experimenters who unintentionally let their beliefs and expectations influence the results of a study
c) the experimenter's belief that his or her study results are more accurate than any other study's results
d) the tendency of experimenters to unintentionally report their results in a manner that always supports their hypotheses

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

112) In an experiment studying the effects of alcohol on memory, the group of participants not given alcohol is referred to as the ____________.

a) experimental group
b) control group
c) independent variable
d) random sample

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

113) In an experiment studying whether eating sugar influences children's ability to focus their attention on a problem-solving task, the group of children given sugar is referred to as the______________.

a) experimental group
b) control group
c) independent variable
d) random sample

Answer:  a

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

114) _____ are factors that are not being directly manipulated or measured, which could affect research results if they are not held constant.

a) Random variables
b) Placebos
c) Extraneous variables
d) Replicators

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

115) While conducting research, you unintentionally provide subtle cues to the study's participants about the purpose of the research, which influences your results in the direction you expected. This is a demonstration of _____.

a) ethnocentric research
b) misapplication of an independent variable
c) experimenter bias
d) subject bias

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

116) The BEST definition of a double-blind study is research in which _____.

a) both the control group and the experimental group are unaware of what is being studied
b) neither the participants in the treatment group nor the control group knows which treatment is being given to which group
c) both the researcher and the participants are unaware of who is in the experimental and control groups
d) two control groups (or placebo conditions) must be used

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

117) An example of a(n) ___________ is one in which an experiment was conducted on caffeine-induced stress in which neither the class researchers nor the participants in the experiment knew who did and did not receive caffeine until after the study was completed.

a) counterbalanced design study
b) double-blind study
c) unknown condition experiment
d) controlled deception condition experiment

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

118) In a study in which neither the patient nor the physician knew whether a patient was getting the drug or the placebo, 85% of participants and patients correctly identified whether they were in the experimental or control condition. Contrary to design expectations, the experiment was not ________.

a) effective
b) reliable
c) correlational
d) double blind

Answer:  d

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

119) Ethnocentrism in research refers to _____.

a) the belief that a typical behavior in one's culture is typical of all cultures
b) a researcher's inflated sense of his or her own research abilities
c) a central need to include people from all races and cultures in an experiment
d) an attitude among researchers that their field of study is more important than any other field

Answer:  a

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Research Method
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

120) One of the BEST ways to deal with ethnocentrism in scientific research is to _____.

a) create culturally diverse research review committees
b) provide cultural sensitivity training to all researchers
c) use cross-cultural sampling
d) ignore it because cultural universals are more prevalent than cultural specifics

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

121) Because research in the United States has demonstrated that adolescents are not very respectful to the elderly, Sara concludes that all adolescents everywhere in the world are disrespectful to the elderly. This is an example of ___________________.

a) cross-cultural sampling
b) ethnocentrism
c) participant bias
d) social desirability bias

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

122) Sample bias occurs when _____.

a) the sample of participants in a research study are not representative of the larger population
b) participants exhibit behaviors that are considered typical in their own culture
c) an experimenter biases a sample by providing unintentional cues about correct responses
d) the subjects are provided unintentional information about the experiment

Answer:  a

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

123) If a presidential candidate concludes from a poll conducted in Minnesota  that he is ahead in the race and that from those results that he will win the election nationwide, then the candidate is guilty of _____________.

a) experimenter bias
b) sample bias
c) the placebo effect
d) the lack of adequate controls

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

124) A sample is BEST defined as _____.

a) a group of participants in a study who have sampled the treatment condition
b) a selected group of participants that is representative of a larger population
c) the total of all possible cases from which a population is selected
d) a group of participants in a study that is atypical of the larger population

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

125) In a study on student conformity, researchers selected a group of college students who appeared to represent the characteristics of students from the entire college campus. The selected group served as the _____ of the college _____.

a) representatives; campus
b) population; representatives
c) sample; population
d) representatives; sample

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

126) Research participants who try to present themselves in a good light are demonstrating _____.

a) good judgment
b) the social desirability response
c) a placebo effect
d) deceptive behavior

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

127) If a student lies on a questionnaire regarding the number of sexual partners he has had during the course of his lifetime, then ___________ can best describe the student's behavior.

a) social desirability bias
b) experimenter bias
c) a placebo effect
d) distrusting bias

Answer:  a

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

128) One way to ensure less sample bias is to select a _____ sample.

a) representative/random
b) homogeneous/ethnocentric
c) placebo/control
d) heterogeneous/ethnocentric

Answer:  a

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

129) One way to decrease participant bias is to _____.

a) conduct single-blind and double-blind studies
b) use the selectivity model
c) use placebo controls
d) a and c

Answer:  d

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

130) The control group in an experiment is the group in which participants _____.

a) receive no treatment
b) receive the dependent variable
c) do not receive the DV
d) receive the IV

Answer:  a

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

131) The experimental group in an experiment is the group in which the participants _____.

a) do not receive the independent variable
b) receive the dependent variable
c) do not receive the DV
d) receive the IV or treatment

Answer:  d

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Research Method
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

132) In a study to test the effects of alcohol on driving, you were in a group of participants that drove poorly. This means that ____.

a) you were in the experimental group
b) you were in the control group
c) there is insufficient information to determine your group
d) you won’t know in which group you were a participant until the study is concluded

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

133) If in a drug-study to test the effectiveness of a new drug for treating the common cold, you are randomly assigned to a group that gets the drug, this would mean that you are _____.

a) in the control group
b) in the experimental group
c) in the placebo group
d) unaware that you are participating in a study

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

134) In a procedure called _____, participants are placed in experimental conditions on the basis of chance, thus minimizing biases or preexisting differences in the groups.

a) random sampling
b) random assignment
c) group selection
d) experimental assignment

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

135) If you flip a coin to determine whether you should be in Group A or Group B for an in-class experiment, you would be using the______________ procedure.

a) experimental assignment
b) independent selection
c) representative grouping
d) random assignment

Answer:  d

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

136) The main advantage of naturalistic observation is that it _____.

a) eliminates extraneous variables
b) allows researchers to obtain data about natural behavior
c) is less time consuming and expensive than other research methods
d) can determine cause and effect

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

137) What is an advantage of survey research?

a) Surveys can identify causes of behavior.
b) Surveys can provide more in-depth information than other research methods.
c) Surveys can identify subject bias.
d) Surveys can be used on larger samples than other research methods.

Answer:  d

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

138) In 1848 Phineas Gage had a metal rod accidentally shot through part of his face and brain. As a result, he suffered a drastic personality transformation, with his injury and recovery documented by his physician. This is an example of a(n)_____________.

a) survey
b) case study
c) experiment
d) correlation

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

139) A number that indicates the degree and direction of the relationship between variables is called a(n) _____.

a) inference
b) inferential statistic
c) correlation coefficient
d) quasi-correlation

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

140) Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relation?

a) +.78
b) –.84
c) +.35
d) 00

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

141) Salary and years of education are _____ correlated, and grade point average and the number of hours of television watched per day are _____ correlated.

a) not; positively
b) negatively; positively
c) positively; not
d) positively, negatively

Answer:  d

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

142) Which of the following is an example of a zero correlation?
a) the relationship between your grades and how much time you spend studying
b) the relationship between your alcohol consumption and physical reaction time
c) the relationship between intensity of rain and umbrella use
d) the relationship between your adult height and intelligence

Answer:  d

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

143) Which is the stronger correlation, –1.00 or +1.00?

a) +1.00
b) They are the same.
c) –1.00
d) Neither; –1.00 does not exist.

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

144) Since there is a correlation between cancer and stress, which of the following statements is true?

a) Cancer causes stress.
b) Stress causes cancer.
c) Knowing a person's stress level can predict that person’s likelihood of cancer.
d) Obesity causes both stress and likelihood of cancer to increase.

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

145) Both early and modern-day brain researchers have used _____ to study the brain.

a) dissection of the brains of deceased humans
b) pseudopsychology
c) clinical observations or case studies of living people
d) a and c

Answer:  d
Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

146) An example of ________ would be destroying the amygdala in a research rat in order to observe changes in its behavior.

a) lesioning research
b) unethical research
c) ablation research
d) animal husbandry

Answer:  a

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

147) An example of ___________ would be finding out that damaging the cerebellum in a rat causes the rat to lose its balance and posture.

a) lesioning research
b) correlational research
c) ablation research
d) noninvasive methods

Answer:  a

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

148) An example of _________ correlation would be the more a mother smokes, the more damage a fetus suffers.

a) positive
b) negative
c) zero
d) perfect

Answer:  a

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

149) An example of a __________ correlation is the more absences a student has, the lower their exam scores.

a) positive
b) negative
c) zero
d) perfect

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

150) If you use a small wire to record the brain's electrical activity, the output produces an _____.

a) EGG
b) EEG
c) EKG
d) EGK

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

151) If you are having specific areas of your brain stimulated to prepare for performing brain surgery, than you are MOST likely undergoing _____.

a) ESB
b) EEG
c) EGG
d) EFG

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

152) EEGs can determine which of the following?

a) mental disorders
b) brain tumors
c) the areas of the brain that are most active during a particular task
d) b and c

Answer:  d

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

153) If a person has been injected with radioactive glucose and his doctor is observing the activity levels in various parts of his brain, than he is having a(n) _____.

a) near death experience
b) PET scan
c) MI scan
d) CT scan

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Hard
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

154) What is an X-ray procedure that reveals cross-sectional views of internal structural damage or problems in the brain?

a) positron emission tomography (PET)
b) computed tomography scan (CT)
c) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
d) none of these options; X rays cannot be used safely on brain tissue.

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

155) Which of the following provides a 3-D image of the brain?

a) positron emission tomography (PET)
b) electrical recordings
c) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
d) transcranial magnetic stimulation

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods
Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.

156) SQ4R stands for ___________________.

a) Survey, question, read, recite, review, write
b) Scan, query, read, repeat, reword, recite
c) Survey, query, review, read, reread, recite
d) Scan, question, read, write by rewording, repeat

Answer:  a

Difficulty:  Medium
Section Reference 1:  Strategies for Student Success
Learning Objective 1: 1.5: Describe how good study habits, visual learning, and effective time management can improve your chances for student success.

157) Before you attempt to change your time management skills, you should _____.

a) record current activities
b) have a trial run of different strategies
c) reward yourself
d) create a daily schedule

Answer:  a

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Strategies for Student Success
Learning Objective 1: 1.5: Describe how good study habits, visual learning, and effective time management can improve your chances for student success.

158) Studying the night before the exam would be an example of _____ and studying for 1 hour a day 5 nights before the exam would be an example of _________.

a) distributed; massed
b) massed; distributed
c) massed; massed
d) distributed; distributed

Answer:  b

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Strategies for Student Success
Learning Objective 1: 1.5: Describe how good study habits, visual learning, and effective time management can improve your chances for student success.

159) Although studying new information to the point where you can recite it is one way to learn, _______, through which you know how key terms interact and generate examples, is a deeper way to study.

a) in-depth recitation
b) maximizing
c) overlearning
d) interactionism

Answer:  c

Difficulty:  Easy
Section Reference 1:  Strategies for Student Success
Learning Objective 1: 1.5: Describe how good study habits, visual learning, and effective time management can improve your chances for student success.

Question type: Essay

160) List and describe the four goals of psychology giving an original example of how either basic or applied research could be used to achieve each goal.

Answer:  

Learning Objective 1: 1.1: Define psychology and its four main goals.
Section Reference 1:  Introducing Psychology

161) Contrast the following three schools/perspectives in psychology with regard to their research methods, beliefs about the effects of the past on behavior, and areas of emphasis: psychoanalytic, behaviorism, and cognitive psychology. Explain which perspective you find most intriguing.

Answer:  

Learning Objective 1: 1.2: Describe the seven major perspectives in modern psychology and the biopsychosocial model.
Section Reference 1:  Origins of Psychology

162) Suppose you believe that stress causes headaches. Describe what you would need to do for each of the six basic steps in the scientific method to research your belief.

Answer:  

Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how to apply the scientific method and ethical guidelines to psychological research with human and nonhuman participants.
Section Reference 1:  The Science of Psychology

163) Imagine that you are an editor of Psychological Science, a respected journal that reports scientific results in psychology. Describe how you consider statistics, publication, replication, and citations to be related to determining the legitimacy of research results.

Answer:  

Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how to apply the scientific method and ethical guidelines to psychological research with human and nonhuman participants.
Section Reference 1:  The Science of Psychology

164) Describe the different types of research methods that individuals involved with biological research can use.

Answer:  

Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how to apply the scientific method and ethical guidelines to psychological research with human and nonhuman participants.
Section Reference 1:  The Science of Psychology

165) Imagine that you are a psychologist. Describe ethical considerations for human participants in research studies, as well as the benefits, limitations, and ethical considerations for animal research. Then, describe what you would tell a therapy client about what she can expect with regard to your maintaining her confidentiality. Finally, state the possible consequences of violating ethical standards in psychology.

Answer:  

Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how to apply the scientific method and ethical guidelines to psychological research with human and nonhuman participants.
Section Reference 1:  The Science of Psychology

166) Suppose you believe negative advertising causes people to vote against the political candidate attacked in the ad. Describe an experiment you could perform to test your theory. Be sure to include a hypothesis, operational definitions of your independent and dependent variables, who your participants would be, and how you would randomly assign them to experimental or control groups.

Answer:  

Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods

167) What are some ways that you as a researcher might be able to reduce the likelihood of social desirability bias in participants?

Answer:  

Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods

168) Suppose you wanted to determine whether the use of marijuana is related to car accidents. Discuss the major limitations and merits of using each of the following research methods: an experiment, a naturalistic observation, a survey, and a case study; then state which method you would ultimately use.

Answer:  

Section Reference 1:  Research Methods

Learning Objective 1: 1.4: Identify the four major research methods in psychology.
Section Reference 1:  Research Methods

169) Provide an example of a positive correlation, negative correlation, and zero correlation.

Answer:  

Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how to apply the scientific method and ethical guidelines to psychological research with human and nonhuman participants.
Section Reference 1:  The Science of Psychology

170) Discuss why correlation is necessary but not sufficient to establish causation.

Answer:  

Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how to apply the scientific method and ethical guidelines to psychological research with human and nonhuman participants.
Section Reference 1:  The Science of Psychology

171) Contrast the three types of brain scans—CT, PET, and MRI (or fMRI)—providing an example of when each scan might be used.

Answer:  

Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how to apply the scientific method and ethical guidelines to psychological research with human and nonhuman participants.
Section Reference 1:  The Science of Psychology

172) Discuss the SQ4R method. Give an example of how you would use it utilizing information from the chapter and applying each of the steps.

Answer:  

Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how to apply the scientific method and ethical guidelines to psychological research with human and nonhuman participants.
Section Reference 1:  The Science of Psychology